Natural Selection and GM Mind Map | Edexcel GCSE Biology

Natural selection and genetic modification mind map · Edexcel GCSE Biology · clockitwithsci.com

Natural selection and genetic modification

Natural selection
- Darwin and Wallace Triple only
  - Independent theories
  - On the Origin of Species
  - Impact on biology
- Natural selection
  - Variation by mutation
  - Survive and reproduce
  - Pass on alleles
- Evolution
  - Inherited change
  - Many generations
- Antibiotic resistance
  - Resistant mutant
  - Antibiotic selection pressure
  - Population becomes resistant
Evidence
- Fossils
  - Ardi 4.4 mya
  - Lucy 3.2 mya
  - Leakey 1.6 mya
- Stone tools
  - Become more complex
  - Dated from rock layers
- Pentadactyl limb Triple only
  - Same bones
  - Common ancestor
  - Different functions
- Classification
  - Five kingdoms
  - Three domains
  - Genetic analysis
Breeding and cloning
- Selective breeding
  - Choose parents
  - Repeat generations
  - Higher yield
- Drawbacks
  - Less variation
  - Inbreeding
- Tissue culture Triple only
  - Aseptic technique
  - Nutrient agar
  - Identical clones
- Uses of tissue culture Triple only
  - Plant breeding
  - Medical research
Genetic engineering
- Modify the genome
  - Desirable characteristic
  - Gene transferred
- Main stages Higher tier
  - Restriction enzyme
  - Sticky ends
  - Ligase
  - Vector
- Bt crops Triple only
  - Bt toxin gene
  - Insect resistance
- GM advantages and disadvantages Triple only
  - Higher yield
  - Health risk
  - Gene spread
Agriculture and evaluation
- Fertilisers Triple only
  - Mineral ions
  - Water pollution
- Biological control Triple only
  - Living organisms
  - Slow
  - May become pest
- Benefits
  - More food
  - New medicines
- Risks and ethics
  - Unknown effects
  - Practical issues
  - Ethical concerns