Question 1
Triple only (what this means)
Triple only: only in Triple Biology. Combined Science students can skip it. What the labels meanHigher tier (what this means)
Higher tier: only on the Higher tier papers. Foundation students can skip it. What the labels meanHow are monoclonal antibodies produced?
- From a single clone of cells
- From a mixture of different lymphocytes
- From the blood of a patient only
- From bacteria that have been killed
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Answer: A (1)
Question 2
Triple only (what this means)
Triple only: only in Triple Biology. Combined Science students can skip it. What the labels meanHigher tier (what this means)
Higher tier: only on the Higher tier papers. Foundation students can skip it. What the labels meanDescribe how monoclonal antibodies are produced.
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- mouse lymphocytes are stimulated to make a particular antibody (1)
- lymphocytes combined with a tumour cell (1) to make a hybridoma cell (1)
- hybridoma cell can both divide and make the antibody (1)
- single hybridoma cells are cloned (1) to produce many identical cells making the same antibody
- the antibody is collected and purified (1)
- Max 4
Question 3
Triple only (what this means)
Triple only: only in Triple Biology. Combined Science students can skip it. What the labels meanHigher tier (what this means)
Higher tier: only on the Higher tier papers. Foundation students can skip it. What the labels meanMonoclonal antibodies can be used to treat cancer. Explain how a monoclonal antibody can deliver a drug to cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.
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- antibody is specific to / binds to an antigen on the cancer cells (1)
- the antibody is bound to a radioactive substance / toxic drug / chemical that stops cells growing and dividing (1)
- so the substance is delivered to the cancer cells (1)
- the antibody does not bind to other cells so they are not harmed (1)
Question 4
Triple only (what this means)
Triple only: only in Triple Biology. Combined Science students can skip it. What the labels meanHigher tier (what this means)
Higher tier: only on the Higher tier papers. Foundation students can skip it. What the labels meanGive two uses of monoclonal antibodies other than treating disease.
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- diagnosis, e.g. pregnancy tests (1)
- in laboratories to measure levels of hormones / chemicals in blood or detect pathogens (1)
- in research to locate / identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue using a fluorescent dye (1)
- Max 2
Question 5
Triple only (what this means)
Triple only: only in Triple Biology. Combined Science students can skip it. What the labels meanHigher tier (what this means)
Higher tier: only on the Higher tier papers. Foundation students can skip it. What the labels meanGive one advantage and one disadvantage of using monoclonal antibodies to treat disease.
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- advantage: target specific cells / chemicals so other cells are not harmed (1)
- disadvantage: create more side effects than expected / not yet as widely used as hoped (1)