Question 1
Define the term sustainable resource.
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- a resource that is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the environment (1)
- so that it does not run out (1)
Question 2
Explain why the tiger is an endangered species.
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- habitat destruction / forests cleared (1)
- so less food / shelter / breeding sites (1)
- hunting / killed for body parts faster than they reproduce (1)
- any other valid: climate change / pollution / introduced species / overharvesting of prey (1)
Question 3
Describe four ways in which an endangered species can be conserved.
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- monitoring populations (1)
- protecting species and habitats / reserves (1)
- education (1)
- captive breeding programmes (1)
- seed banks for plants (1)
- Max 4
Question 4
Supplement (what this means)
Supplement: only for the Extended papers (2 and 4). Core students can skip it. What the labels meanExplain how fish stocks can be conserved using quotas, closed seasons and mesh size.
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- quotas limit the number or mass caught, so fish are not removed faster than they reproduce (1)
- closed seasons: no fishing in breeding season (1)
- so fish can breed / reproduce (1)
- larger mesh size lets young fish escape (1)
- so they grow and breed later (1)
- Max 4
Question 5
Supplement (what this means)
Supplement: only for the Extended papers (2 and 4). Core students can skip it. What the labels meanExplain how replanting and protected areas help to conserve forests.
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- replanting replaces trees that were felled (1)
- so forest cover / timber supply is sustained (1)
- protected areas: trees cannot be cut down (1)
- so habitats / species are kept (1)
- Max 3
Question 6
Supplement (what this means)
Supplement: only for the Extended papers (2 and 4). Core students can skip it. What the labels meanDescribe how artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) are used in captive breeding programmes.
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- AI: sperm collected from male and placed into female (1)
- allows breeding between animals that are far apart / will not mate (1)
- IVF: egg fertilised by sperm outside body / in a laboratory (1)
- embryo put into female (of same or related species) to develop (1)
Question 7
Supplement (what this means)
Supplement: only for the Extended papers (2 and 4). Core students can skip it. What the labels meanDescribe three reasons for conservation programmes.
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- maintain or increase biodiversity (1)
- reduce extinction (1)
- protect vulnerable ecosystems (1)
- maintain nutrient cycling (1)
- maintain resource provision: food / drugs / fuel / genes (1)
- Max 3
Question 8
Supplement (what this means)
Supplement: only for the Extended papers (2 and 4). Core students can skip it. What the labels meanThe population of a rare plant species has fallen to a few individuals. Explain the risks to the species of this reduced genetic variation.
Show mark scheme for question 8
- fewer alleles / less variation in the population (1)
- if a new disease arrives, few or no individuals may be resistant (1)
- so the whole population could be killed (1)
- if the environment changes, no individuals may be adapted to it (1)
- so the species is less able to survive / may become extinct (1)
- Max 4