Xylem and phloem — Cambridge IGCSE Combined Science
The functions of xylem and phloem, and where they are found in the roots, stems and leaves of a dicotyledonous plant.
Revision notes
2 short notes, in the order of the specification. Each one in short:
Xylem transports water and mineral ions and supports the plant; phloem transports sucrose and amino acids. Xylem vessels are thick-walled, lignified tubes.
Xylem and phloem are found together in vascular bundles in the roots, stems and leaves of a dicotyledonous plant. In the root, xylem is in the centre, often in an X shape, with phloem between its arms. In the stem, bundles form a ring with xylem inside and phloem outside. In a leaf vein, xylem lies above phloem.
Exam questions
4 exam-style questions (10 marks), each with its mark scheme.
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Quick check questions
What does phloem transport?
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Sucrose and amino acids.
What are the two functions of xylem?
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Transport of water and mineral ions, and support.
In a stem, which tissue is on the outside of a vascular bundle?
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Phloem.
Written and checked against the Cambridge IGCSE Combined Science (0653) specification · Updated October 2026