Cell differentiationSpec 2.6
In short
Differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialised for a particular job by gaining the sub-cellular structures it needs. For example, a nerve cell has a long axon. Differentiation is important because a multicellular organism needs many different cell types, which form tissues and organs, so that each job is carried out efficiently.
Differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialised for a particular job. The cell gains the sub-cellular structures it needs to carry out its function. For example, a nerve cell has a long axon, and a root hair cell has a long projection that gives a large surface area.
Differentiation is important in the development of specialised cells because a multicellular organism needs many different cell types doing different jobs. Specialised cells form tissues, which make up organs. Each type of cell can carry out its job efficiently.
Exam tip:Link structure to function. 'The cell has become specialised' earns less than saying what structure it gained and what job that structure helps with.
Written and checked against the Edexcel GCSE Combined Science (1SC0) specification · Updated October 2026
Frequently asked questions
Why are stem cells useful in medicine?
Stem cells are useful in medicine because they are undifferentiated, so they could divide and differentiate to replace damaged or diseased cells. Possible uses include treating diabetes and paralysis and growing replacement tissues. The risks are that they may form tumours, pass on viruses from donated cells or be rejected by the immune system.
What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?
Embryonic stem cells, found in early embryos, can differentiate into any type of cell. Adult stem cells, found in some tissues such as bone marrow, can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types. Adult stem cells replace cells that are damaged or worn out, for example bone marrow makes new blood cells.
How do plants grow differently from animals?
Plants grow by cell division, elongation and differentiation, while animals grow only by cell division and differentiation. Elongation is when plant cells made by mitosis get longer, mostly by taking in water. This makes plants grow taller and roots grow longer. Meristems also let plants keep growing throughout their life.
All 5 questions on Growth, differentiation and stem cells
