Waste managementSpec 4.7.3.2
In short
Waste management is the proper handling of waste and chemical materials so that they cause less pollution. Rapid human population growth and a higher standard of living mean more resources are used and more waste is produced. Pollution in water, in air and on land kills plants and animals, so the number of species falls and biodiversity is reduced.
Rapid growth in the human population and an increase in the standard of living mean that increasingly more resources are used and more waste is produced. Unless waste and chemical materials are properly handled, more pollution will be caused.
Where pollution can occur| Where | Causes |
|---|
| In water | Sewage, fertiliser or toxic chemicals |
|---|
| In air | Smoke and acidic gases |
|---|
| On land | Landfill and toxic chemicals |
|---|
Pollution kills plants and animals, which can reduce biodiversity.
Exam tip:Link the cause to the effect in two steps: pollution kills organisms, and so the number of species falls, which reduces biodiversity.
Written and checked against the AQA GCSE Biology (8461) specification · Updated October 2026
Frequently asked questions
Why is biodiversity important to ecosystems?
Biodiversity is important because a great biodiversity ensures the stability of ecosystems. With many different species, each species depends less on any one other species for food, shelter and the maintenance of the physical environment. The future of the human species on Earth also relies on us maintaining a good level of biodiversity.
How does deforestation affect the carbon cycle?
Deforestation increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Fewer trees means less photosynthesis, so less carbon dioxide is removed from the air, and the decay and burning of the cleared trees release more carbon dioxide. Higher carbon dioxide levels contribute to global warming, and destroying the forest habitat also reduces biodiversity.
What are the biological consequences of global warming?
The biological consequences of global warming include loss of habitats as ice melts or rising sea levels flood low-lying areas, changes in the distribution of species as organisms move to cooler areas, and changes in the migration patterns of animals. Some species cannot adapt or move and may die out, which reduces biodiversity.
All 4 questions on Biodiversity and the effect of human interaction on ecosystems
