Specialised cellsSpec 2.1.5, 2.1.6
In short
A specialised cell is a cell with a specific function, whose shape and contents suit it to that job. Root hair cells have a long extension for absorption, red blood cells contain haemoglobin for the transport of oxygen, and ciliated cells move mucus in the trachea and bronchi. New cells are produced by division of existing cells.
New cells are produced by division of existing cells. This is how an organism grows and how damaged cells are replaced.
In many organisms, cells become specialised. A specialised cell has a specific function. Its shape and contents are suited to doing that job.
| Cell | Function | Feature that helps |
|---|---|---|
| Ciliated cell | Movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi | Cilia on the surface sweep mucus along |
| Root hair cell | Absorption | Long extension gives a large surface area for uptake of water and mineral ions |
| Palisade mesophyll cell | Photosynthesis | Contains many chloroplasts |
| Neurone | Conduction of electrical impulses | Long, thin fibre carries impulses |
| Red blood cell | Transport of oxygen | Contains haemoglobin, which carries oxygen |
| Sperm and egg cells (gametes) | Reproduction | Sperm has a flagellum to swim to the egg; egg has energy stores and a jelly coat |
(opens full size in a new tab)This point asks you to state the function of each cell, in the wording of the middle column. 'Root hair cells: absorption' and 'red blood cells: transport of oxygen' are the answers examiners expect.
Written and checked against the Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610) specification · Updated October 2026